Advantages and disadvantages of surgical robots

SURGICAL ROBOTS

Surgical robotics can be on the whole simply and intuitive defined like direct or indirect usage of robotics for planning and realizing the chirurgic interventions.
Surgical robotics is narrowly connected with Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS). Its whatness is usage of technologies like 3D imaging, data scanning controlled and supported with computer, planning and watching the surgical operations in real time by assistance computing technique and other.
Both these categories have then mutual qualities pertinent planning before operation and identifing anatomical structures in simulated interventions and directly on operated patient's body.
Surgical robotics can be divided to two main categories. The first create surgical working-places, where robots directly exert surgical interventions. . This category it's further possible to divide to two subcategories. In the first, robot directly exert operation, which planned surgeon in advance. He applied it in program form to control system. A man then exert supervision above the robot during a surgical intervention. Second undercategory is so-called teleattendance robotic surgery. Robot is in it controled by man at a distance. Surgery in this case mustn't be programmed in advance, man-surgeon exert individual actions by controllers and data transfer themselves by assistance of control system to robot and it directly exert intervention. Sensorial data obtained by robot, like image, sound and the other parameters of operating space are sending backward to surgeon, who has them available visualizing by computer. Teleattendance robotics is enabling to control the robot so, that surgeon can be present in surgery but it's not inevitable. The last category are surgical interventions with robots's assistance, where robots exert other, with operation connected functions, like e. g. giving surgical tools etc.

Process of interventions

Surgical interventions which are exerting by robots it's necessary good plan and realize without mistakes. They follows in several phases.
The first phaze is obtaining graphic informations. They're used various methods enabling two-dimensional and fully dimensional looks at human body and its inside. Between used 3D imaging techniques belong Computer Tomography - CT and Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI. Between 2D techniques belong ultrasonography, fluoroscopy or X-rays's radiography.
The next step is planning of operation intervention, which is based on watching models of human body complicated by assistance visualisation techniques. Surgeon plans intervention so to the least injury of healthy fibre by penetration to ill fibre and its modifications. It follows process of so-called registration, when vizualised model is identify with concrete structures of patient's body. The last step is navigation, when a surgical instruments are used, led with patient's body. If a surgeon dicide to exert the operation alone, without utilizing the robot, previous steps belong to sphere of computer assisted surgery. If the robot exert operation intervention, whether alone or directed with a man, chirurgic intervention is considered as chirurgic robotics.

Advantages and disadvantages

Between surgeons - people and robotic surgeons are differences, which cause, that in certain activities are people in advantage, in other robots.
People have a big advantage in ability use their intelligence by planning and exerting surgical interventions, as also in precision of co-ordination the system eye - hand. They can be easier and faster instructed before intervention. But they have also limits, which don't achieve to cross, or they have to help themselves by their overcoming, with various technical machineries. To limits belong e. g. disability to perceive structures of small size, weariness slimming precision of performances and surgeon's attention, especially by longlasting surgical interventions. Disadvantage is also relative large space, which require personnel in surgery. Human body is ever source of microscopic parts biologic character, what's lowering possibility of sterile intervention, some operations are exerting by continual radiance, what, of course, don't prosper to organism of surgeon. He swagger to risk of infection.
Robots have by using in surgeries also many advantages but disadvantages, too. To their positive qualities belong their geometric precision, stability of exerting works in time. They can be made in various sizes according to extent the operations from "current" till to microscopic surgical interferences. Their sensors can have wider workin-extent than human's senses and robots can dispose with wider spectrum of sensors. Unlike people they can be sterilized and are sturdy to radiation and infections. It can say, that surgical interferences exerting with robots belong to sphere of so-called minimum invasive surgery. While in the past stayed after operating performances scars several centimetres long but also tens cms, today are scars often only one centimeter long.
To disadvantages of chirurgic robots belong their small ability of inferring and valuation immediate situation and weak co-ordination the type eye - hand. Development these robots and construction is extraordinery expensive. To create chirurgic hall using robots can coast tens millions crowns, maintenance of surgical robot other millions and costs are also with each operated patient.
Considerable disadvantages is, that surgical interventions it's necessary often to plan in advance. Surgicat intervention by assistance of robot can last longer than classical surgical intervention.

Sphere of using

Robotic surgery found its place in spheres like orthopedy, neurology, urology or cardiology.
Neurosurgery became the first sphere of medicine, where the robots transplanted themselves for their precision.
In cardiosurgery is utilizing minimum invasive surgical intervention realizing with robots. 3D vusualisation is enabling exert operated intervention like patient's thorax would be opened. This way is secure faster reconvalescence of patient and less complications postoperative. It's manifested that surgical interventions like these are not much more expansive like classical surgery. But it's different if it's taking into consideration also cost of acquisition of robotic working-place.

Deduction

Robotic surgery isn't able to compensate fully a man by operated interventions till now. Isn't able to realize namely all procedure from diagnostic, through planning the operationed intervention till its exerting alone without interference of specialist - surgeon. In spite of that is bringing many improvements of procedures, accelerations and specification of surgical interventions and other advantages.

Disadvantages of using robots in medicine. Are surgical robots in medicine helping to doctors or not? That's the question.

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